{
  "title": "One organ, many identities: learn the ontology — Ontologies & vocabularies",
  "text": "MODAVIS (2026). One organ, many identities: learn the ontology — Ontologies & vocabularies. Research notebooks, September 2026 · Connected evidence edition. https://modavis.org/editions/2026-09-r6/ontologies/cuntz/",
  "bibtex": "@misc{modavis_ontologies_cuntz_2026_09_r6,\n  author = {{MODAVIS}},\n  title = {One organ, many identities: learn the ontology — Ontologies & vocabularies},\n  year = {2026},\n  month = {09},\n  version = {2026-09-r6},\n  url = {https://modavis.org/editions/2026-09-r6/ontologies/cuntz/},\n  note = {Content SHA-256: d2a9af17702c277fba0bfbf515704fe6e56c6765cfa544af2974eaa8de796100}\n}",
  "url": "https://modavis.org/editions/2026-09-r6/ontologies/cuntz/",
  "sha256": "d2a9af17702c277fba0bfbf515704fe6e56c6765cfa544af2974eaa8de796100",
  "edition": "2026-09-r6",
  "date": "2026-09-26",
  "canonicalPayload": "{\"book\":{\"number\":\"07\",\"slug\":\"ontologies\",\"title\":\"Ontologies & vocabularies\"},\"chapter\":{\"blocks\":[{\"id\":\"cuntz-evidence-path\",\"intro\":\"One organ, one pipe record, one measurement. Follow five connections to see what the structure makes possible—and where the evidence stops.\",\"steps\":[{\"id\":\"instrument\",\"label\":\"Instrument\",\"link\":{\"href\":\"#cuntz-identity\",\"label\":\"Work through physical and digital identity\"},\"qualification\":\"Editing a digital representation does not alter the museum instrument.\",\"record\":\"musiXplora instrument: 4010243\\nVAO entity: urn:musixplora:4010243:cuntz-positiv:instrument\",\"text\":\"The Cuntz positive organ is the subject of this study. A model, a recording and a catalogue record each describe it, but retain their own identities.\",\"title\":\"Start with the physical subject\"},{\"id\":\"pipe\",\"label\":\"Pipe record\",\"link\":{\"href\":\"#cuntz-graph\",\"label\":\"Understand linked records\"},\"qualification\":\"This identifies a released record. Its correspondence to a particular visible mesh has not been established here.\",\"record\":\"featureOfInterestId ends:\\nrank:ged:pipe:key-036\",\"text\":\"The released observation identifies a pipe entity within the rank labelled ged. Keeping that reference explicit prevents a measurement from being silently assigned to another pipe or the complete organ.\",\"title\":\"Identify which part the claim concerns\"},{\"id\":\"observation\",\"label\":\"Observation\",\"link\":{\"href\":\"#cuntz-measurement\",\"label\":\"Work through the measurement\"},\"qualification\":\"Consult the workbook for the definition of GesL. A number alone supplies neither calibration uncertainty nor a new measurement.\",\"record\":\"observedProperty: …/measurement/GesL\\nresult.value: 1281\\nresult.unit: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MilliM\",\"text\":\"The observation records 1281 for the workbook property GesL, with millimetres as the unit. That is 1.281 metres after conversion; the original source value stays intact.\",\"title\":\"Read a value together with its property and unit\"},{\"id\":\"source\",\"label\":\"Source\",\"link\":{\"href\":\"#cuntz-time\",\"label\":\"Understand the timestamp qualification\"},\"qualification\":\"Do not use the file timestamp as the date the pipe was measured.\",\"record\":\"source-cell: Holzgedackt 8!D9\\nresultTime: 2020-09-16T10:33:05Z\\nresult-time-from-workbook-modification-timestamp\",\"text\":\"The observation points to its raw-result workbook realization and identifies a cell. Its result time is qualified as a workbook modification timestamp; the source-series flag separately says 2019.\",\"title\":\"Locate the evidence and read its qualification\"},{\"id\":\"package\",\"label\":\"Package\",\"link\":{\"href\":\"/notebooks/standards/cuntz/\",\"label\":\"Continue with the standards and the source extract\"},\"qualification\":\"The dataset version and format version serve different roles. The excerpt alone is not a complete conforming VAO package.\",\"record\":\"Dataset release: 0.5.0-rc.2\\nVAO formatVersion: 0.5.0\\nVersion DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"text\":\"The VAO links the observation, pipe entity, activity and exact workbook realization. The released package keeps these relationships available when software retrieves its files. The teaching excerpt exposes this one observation.\",\"title\":\"Preserve the same evidence across applications\"}],\"title\":\"Follow one piece of evidence\",\"type\":\"walkthrough\"},{\"text\":\"The running example is the Cuntz positive organ, mXp 4010243. Each example starts with a concrete question, explains the relevant concept in ordinary language, and works through the reasoning. The full steps are expandable elsewhere in the notebooks; here they are open so the argument can be read continuously.\",\"type\":\"p\"},{\"id\":\"object-and-description\",\"text\":\"1. Separate the object from descriptions of it\",\"type\":\"heading\"},{\"boundary\":\"The displayed model is a derived visualization with an unverified physical scale. Being about the Cuntz organ does not make every visible detail a measured historical fact.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"An ontology is an explicit agreement about the kinds of things we describe and the relationships between them. Its first useful distinction here is between an instrument and a representation of it.\",\"evidence\":\"Released record\",\"expanded\":true,\"id\":\"cuntz-identity\",\"scenario\":\"The physical Cuntz positive organ is identified as mXp 4010243. The release also contains a geometric model and audio files. They concern the instrument, but each has its own identity.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"Use the instrument identity for claims about the organ itself. Its record can link to the museum and to documentary evidence.\",\"title\":\"Name the physical subject\"},{\"text\":\"Give a model, a recording and a playable software product separate identities. A relationship such as “represents this instrument” connects them without declaring them the same thing.\",\"title\":\"Name each representation\"},{\"text\":\"Compressing the model changes its digital realization. It does not rebuild the museum instrument. Repairing a physical component is a different event and needs its own evidence.\",\"title\":\"Follow a change\"}],\"takeaway\":\"An identity answers “which thing?”; a representation relationship answers “what is this about?”.\",\"title\":\"Is the 3D model the Cuntz organ?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"boundary\":\"This example does not assert that the organ underwent a particular rebuild or that an extra original register existed.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"A state describes an instrument at a particular phase; a configuration describes how its components are arranged and function together. Context limits where a statement applies.\",\"evidence\":\"Unresolved interpretation\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-state\",\"scenario\":\"The thesis distinguishes the physical description of four registers and 180 pipes from an analyzed digital configuration with five register labels and 225 recordings. The published VAO also inventories 225 pipe entities.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"Submitted dissertation, 11 September 2026; §§8.2.2.1 and 8.4.1, printed pp. 264–265 and 275–276. The historical description and digital inventory require a resolved mapping; the manuscript is not redistributed here.\",\"label\":\"Dominik Ukolov · Musikinstrumente im virtuellen Raum (2026)\"},{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"Record the historical description, digital analysis configuration and published inventory with their respective sources. Their numbers concern different documented accounts.\",\"title\":\"Keep the descriptions attributed\"},{\"text\":\"Determine which phase, configuration and counting convention each account describes before comparing totals. A virtual register label is not by itself an additional original physical register.\",\"title\":\"Ask the state and counting question\"},{\"text\":\"The thesis identifies a missing mapping, particularly for Regal 8′. Keep that unresolved relation visible. A structured manifest records its inventory but does not independently settle the historical discrepancy.\",\"title\":\"Retain the unresolved mapping\"}],\"takeaway\":\"A well-formed record can preserve disagreement accurately while the historical interpretation remains open.\",\"title\":\"Which Cuntz are we describing?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"id\":\"one-observation\",\"text\":\"2. Follow a real observation to its evidence\",\"type\":\"heading\"},{\"boundary\":\"The example reproduces a release observation; it does not independently remeasure the pipe or supply a calibration uncertainty that the record does not provide.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"An observation connects a property and a result to the thing observed. A unit gives the number a physical interpretation; a source selector identifies its evidential location.\",\"evidence\":\"Released record\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-measurement\",\"scenario\":\"The published Cuntz manifest contains an observation for rank:ged:pipe:key-036 with property code GesL, value 1281, unit MilliM, and source-cell flag Holzgedackt 8!D9.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"The standard contract is separate from the Cuntz dataset content version 0.5.0-rc.2.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22214248\",\"label\":\"VAO Standard 0.5.0\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"The number belongs to the specified pipe entity and the workbook’s GesL property. It is not a dimension of the complete organ or an arbitrary distance on the screen.\",\"title\":\"Identify the subject and property\"},{\"text\":\"The stored value is 1281 millimetres. Converting it gives 1.281 metres; keep that conversion separate from the original source value and unit.\",\"title\":\"Retain value and unit together\"},{\"text\":\"The observation links to the exact workbook realization, the measurement activity and the cell selector. A later reader can check the entry and consult the workbook’s definition of GesL.\",\"title\":\"Locate the source\"}],\"takeaway\":\"A reusable measurement needs a subject, property, value, unit and evidence location.\",\"title\":\"What exactly does “1281” tell us?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"boundary\":\"No exact acquisition date is inferred from the timestamp in this example.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"Provenance describes how a record came into being. Applicability describes when a claim concerns its subject. A file timestamp is a third, potentially different fact.\",\"evidence\":\"Released record\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-time\",\"scenario\":\"The same Cuntz observation carries 2020-09-16T10:33:05Z and flags identifying the result time as a workbook modification timestamp, with a source series marked 2019.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"The measurement activity explicitly says its timestamp is the workbook modification time, not an asserted measurement-session time.\",\"title\":\"Read the qualification\"},{\"text\":\"Keep the source-series label, the workbook timestamp and any independently documented session date as separate information. Do not turn the most precise-looking timestamp into the date the pipe was measured.\",\"title\":\"Preserve the distinctions\"},{\"text\":\"A query for files modified in 2020 can use this timestamp. A query for instruments measured during 2020 needs evidence of session dates and cannot silently use the same field.\",\"title\":\"Ask the right query\"}],\"takeaway\":\"Precision of formatting is not precision of historical knowledge.\",\"title\":\"Is the workbook timestamp the measurement date?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"id\":\"relationships\",\"text\":\"3. Make the relationships explicit\",\"type\":\"heading\"},{\"boundary\":\"These sentences explain graph structure. They are not a copy-and-paste RDF serialization or a claim that English relationship labels are normative ontology terms.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"A graph stores named things and explicit relationships. RDF expresses a statement as a subject, a relationship and an object; many such statements can share the same subject.\",\"evidence\":\"Illustrative scenario\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-graph\",\"scenario\":\"Consider the Cuntz pipe represented as rank:ged:pipe:key-036. A measurement, a source workbook and an activity can all refer to it without being squeezed into one text field.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"“This observation concerns that pipe.” Here the observation is the subject, the feature-of-interest relationship connects it to the pipe, and the pipe is the object.\",\"title\":\"Start with a plain sentence\"},{\"text\":\"The observation points to the measurement activity and raw-result workbook realization. The activity names Philipp Hosbach as its agent. These links answer different questions: what was observed, where it came from and who is credited.\",\"title\":\"Connect the evidence\"},{\"text\":\"A reader can follow the pipe to an observation, then to the workbook cell, unit and processing history. That chain is more useful than merely finding the same word in several descriptions.\",\"title\":\"Ask a connected question\"}],\"takeaway\":\"A graph makes relationships addressable and traversable; it does not make the linked assertions automatically true.\",\"title\":\"What does a knowledge graph add to a catalogue entry?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"boundary\":\"A URL, URN and DOI are not interchangeable promises. The instrument link identifies the subject; the version DOI identifies a particular released dataset.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"An identifier distinguishes a thing independently of the label displayed to readers. An IRI is an identifier written in a form that can also be used in linked data.\",\"evidence\":\"Released record\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-identifiers\",\"scenario\":\"The public instrument link is https://musixplora.de/mxp/4010243. The VAO manifest uses the package entity identifier urn:musixplora:4010243:cuntz-positiv:instrument. These serve related but different identifying roles.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"Show “Cuntz positive organ” in the notebook. A translated or corrected label can change without changing the subject.\",\"title\":\"Keep the readable label\"},{\"text\":\"Retain the external instrument identifier and the package entity identifier with their declared relationship. Do not infer that every mention of “Cuntz” identifies this object.\",\"title\":\"Preserve the link between records\"},{\"text\":\"The release retains a rights-record identifier ending in “restricted-review”, while its actual access property says “open” and specifies CC BY-SA 4.0. The opaque identifier suffix is not the access decision.\",\"title\":\"Inspect properties, not identifier spelling\"}],\"takeaway\":\"Read the record’s explicit properties; do not derive meaning or permissions from a convenient label or identifier suffix.\",\"title\":\"Why keep a long identifier when a name would be easier?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"boundary\":\"Compression and a rendered appearance do not establish geometric measurement accuracy or recover the object’s original appearance.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"Provenance is a trace of inputs, transformations, outputs and responsible agents. PROV-O provides a vocabulary for describing those roles.\",\"evidence\":\"Released record\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-provenance\",\"scenario\":\"The published Cuntz release identifies an FBX source model and a derived GLB runtime model. This notebook displays a further web derivative of that released GLB.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"The standard contract is separate from the Cuntz dataset content version 0.5.0-rc.2.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22214248\",\"label\":\"VAO Standard 0.5.0\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"Before preparing the web model, compare its source bytes and SHA-256 with the exact published runtime realization. A similar filename is insufficient.\",\"title\":\"Fix the input\"},{\"text\":\"For this website, the texture is resized to at most 2048 pixels and encoded as JPEG. Duplicate and unused resources are removed, and meshopt compression applies quantization. These changes are documented with the derivative.\",\"title\":\"Describe the transformation\"},{\"text\":\"The web file has its own byte size and digest. It remains linked to the source release and source realization, while being described as a display derivative rather than the unmodified archived GLB.\",\"title\":\"Give the output its own identity\"}],\"takeaway\":\"A derivative can be useful and traceable without being byte-identical to its source.\",\"title\":\"How did the model on this page come into being?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"id\":\"review-and-rules\",\"text\":\"4. Keep interpretation and validation accountable\",\"type\":\"heading\"},{\"boundary\":\"This is a teaching application of the assertion model, not a claim that a new authoritative review of the historical register mapping has been completed.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"An assertion is an attributable claim. A review decision records how that claim is interpreted; a projection is a selected view of the reviewed knowledge.\",\"evidence\":\"Unresolved interpretation\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-assertions\",\"scenario\":\"The Cuntz thesis description and the digital inventory present different register counts. Treating the latest imported count as an unconditional replacement would erase the question the discrepancy raises.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"},{\"detail\":\"Submitted dissertation, 11 September 2026; §§8.2.2.1 and 8.4.1, printed pp. 264–265 and 275–276. The historical description and digital inventory require a resolved mapping; the manuscript is not redistributed here.\",\"label\":\"Dominik Ukolov · Musikinstrumente im virtuellen Raum (2026)\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"Retain the four-register physical description and the five-label digital configuration, including their sources and intended subjects.\",\"title\":\"Store both claims with their scope\"},{\"text\":\"Ask whether the accounts concern comparable states and counting units. The missing Regal 8′ mapping remains an explicit review issue rather than an invented explanation.\",\"title\":\"Review the relationship\"},{\"text\":\"A catalogue summary can show a selected statement and its qualification, while an evidence view exposes the other assertion and the reason the relationship remains unresolved.\",\"title\":\"Publish an understandable view\"}],\"takeaway\":\"A clean interface can present an editorial decision without deleting the evidence behind competing interpretations.\",\"title\":\"How can two accounts disagree without corrupting the database?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"boundary\":\"Abstention here does not mean that the recording is unusable or that the fifth label is historically false.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"Abstention means withholding an unsupported assignment while keeping the evidence available. It differs from asserting that a claim is false.\",\"evidence\":\"Unresolved interpretation\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-abstention\",\"scenario\":\"The Cuntz thesis identifies a missing mapping for the fifth digital register label. A system may preserve that label without deciding which historical physical register it represents.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"},{\"detail\":\"Submitted dissertation, 11 September 2026; §§8.2.2.1 and 8.4.1, printed pp. 264–265 and 275–276. The historical description and digital inventory require a resolved mapping; the manuscript is not redistributed here.\",\"label\":\"Dominik Ukolov · Musikinstrumente im virtuellen Raum (2026)\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"The digital label and its associated recordings remain available, with their source and release identity.\",\"title\":\"Keep the observed record\"},{\"text\":\"Do not assign the label to a historical register merely to make every field complete. Record that the correspondence is unresolved, along with the reason.\",\"title\":\"Withhold the unsupported link\"},{\"text\":\"A suitable mapping manifest or additional attributable evidence could support a later reviewed assignment. Preserve the earlier state so the change remains inspectable.\",\"title\":\"Define what could change the decision\"}],\"takeaway\":\"An unresolved relation is useful information when its evidence and the next required check are explicit.\",\"title\":\"When is “we do not know yet” the useful result?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"boundary\":\"The error is hypothetical. Validation outcomes depend on the declared ontology, shapes and validation setup; no new official MODAVIS constraint is introduced here.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"OWL describes meanings and logical relationships between classes. SHACL checks whether a particular data graph satisfies specified constraints. Neither performs the historical investigation.\",\"evidence\":\"Illustrative scenario\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-owl-shacl\",\"scenario\":\"Suppose an import mistakenly uses one identifier for both the physical Cuntz organ and its playable virtual-instrument package. This is an illustrative error, not a reported defect in the published release.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"},{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"The ontology treats the physical instrument and playable virtual entities as distinct kinds. An object and a package representing it must not collapse into one identity.\",\"title\":\"Explain the semantic distinction\"},{\"text\":\"A SHACL validation run checks the relevant shapes and expected data. It can report the mistaken identity assignment or a missing required relationship so the author can correct the record.\",\"title\":\"Check the supplied graph\"},{\"text\":\"Passing those checks does not determine whether the fifth register label corresponds to an original register. That question needs an evidence mapping, not another shape check.\",\"title\":\"Return to source criticism\"}],\"takeaway\":\"Validation checks the modeling contract; research establishes whether an interpretation is warranted.\",\"title\":\"What can OWL and SHACL check about this organ?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"boundary\":\"No new OMARO assertion or Hornbostel–Sachs classification of the Cuntz instrument is claimed in this example.\",\"caseLabel\":\"Cuntz\",\"concept\":\"A controlled vocabulary supplies identified concepts and labels. SKOS describes concepts and their relationships; OMARO additionally retains perspectives, source assertions and review status.\",\"evidence\":\"Illustrative scenario\",\"expanded\":false,\"id\":\"cuntz-vocabulary\",\"scenario\":\"“Cuntz positive organ” is a label for a particular instrument. “Positive organ” is also a type concept that may occur in a vocabulary. A label match connects a research question, not automatically an identity.\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"},{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21442777\",\"label\":\"OMARO 0.1.0\"}],\"steps\":[{\"text\":\"The museum organ is a physical subject. The vocabulary concept describes a kind of instrument. Many objects can be described using one concept.\",\"title\":\"Separate object from concept\"},{\"text\":\"If a source classifies the Cuntz instrument, record the source and relevant instrument state. Do not infer an exact Hornbostel–Sachs code merely from a familiar English label.\",\"title\":\"Keep the classification attributable\"},{\"text\":\"A source stop label such as Holzgedackt 8′ remains evidence even when a normalized concept is added. The proposed mapping needs the documented pitch, division and context.\",\"title\":\"Retain source words during normalization\"}],\"takeaway\":\"A vocabulary improves comparison by identifying meanings while preserving the source’s wording.\",\"title\":\"Does the word “organ” settle the classification?\",\"type\":\"example\"},{\"items\":[{\"detail\":\"Logical assets, realizations, carriers, profiles and checksums.\",\"href\":\"/notebooks/standards/cuntz/\",\"label\":\"Next: package the same evidence in a VAO\"},{\"detail\":\"A source-attributed 3D view, with its limitations made explicit.\",\"href\":\"/notebooks/vao/model-study/\",\"label\":\"Inspect the Cuntz model\"}],\"type\":\"links\"}],\"intro\":\"Start with the Cuntz organ and one documented pipe observation. Follow the distinction between an object, its representations and the claims we make about it—without needing to know graph terminology first.\",\"slug\":\"cuntz\",\"sources\":[{\"detail\":\"Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203\",\"label\":\"Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2\"},{\"detail\":\"Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties.\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086\",\"label\":\"MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0\"},{\"detail\":\"Submitted dissertation, 11 September 2026; §§8.2.2.1 and 8.4.1, printed pp. 264–265 and 275–276. The historical description and digital inventory require a resolved mapping; the manuscript is not redistributed here.\",\"label\":\"Dominik Ukolov · Musikinstrumente im virtuellen Raum (2026)\"}],\"title\":\"One organ, many identities: learn the ontology\"},\"date\":\"2026-09-26\",\"edition\":\"2026-09-r6\",\"figures\":{}}",
  "payload": {
    "edition": "2026-09-r6",
    "date": "2026-09-26",
    "book": {
      "slug": "ontologies",
      "title": "Ontologies & vocabularies",
      "number": "07"
    },
    "chapter": {
      "slug": "cuntz",
      "title": "One organ, many identities: learn the ontology",
      "intro": "Start with the Cuntz organ and one documented pipe observation. Follow the distinction between an object, its representations and the claims we make about it—without needing to know graph terminology first.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
          "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
          "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
        },
        {
          "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
          "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
          "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
        },
        {
          "label": "Dominik Ukolov · Musikinstrumente im virtuellen Raum (2026)",
          "detail": "Submitted dissertation, 11 September 2026; §§8.2.2.1 and 8.4.1, printed pp. 264–265 and 275–276. The historical description and digital inventory require a resolved mapping; the manuscript is not redistributed here."
        }
      ],
      "blocks": [
        {
          "type": "walkthrough",
          "id": "cuntz-evidence-path",
          "title": "Follow one piece of evidence",
          "intro": "One organ, one pipe record, one measurement. Follow five connections to see what the structure makes possible—and where the evidence stops.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "id": "instrument",
              "label": "Instrument",
              "title": "Start with the physical subject",
              "text": "The Cuntz positive organ is the subject of this study. A model, a recording and a catalogue record each describe it, but retain their own identities.",
              "record": "musiXplora instrument: 4010243\nVAO entity: urn:musixplora:4010243:cuntz-positiv:instrument",
              "qualification": "Editing a digital representation does not alter the museum instrument.",
              "link": {
                "label": "Work through physical and digital identity",
                "href": "#cuntz-identity"
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "pipe",
              "label": "Pipe record",
              "title": "Identify which part the claim concerns",
              "text": "The released observation identifies a pipe entity within the rank labelled ged. Keeping that reference explicit prevents a measurement from being silently assigned to another pipe or the complete organ.",
              "record": "featureOfInterestId ends:\nrank:ged:pipe:key-036",
              "qualification": "This identifies a released record. Its correspondence to a particular visible mesh has not been established here.",
              "link": {
                "label": "Understand linked records",
                "href": "#cuntz-graph"
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "observation",
              "label": "Observation",
              "title": "Read a value together with its property and unit",
              "text": "The observation records 1281 for the workbook property GesL, with millimetres as the unit. That is 1.281 metres after conversion; the original source value stays intact.",
              "record": "observedProperty: …/measurement/GesL\nresult.value: 1281\nresult.unit: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MilliM",
              "qualification": "Consult the workbook for the definition of GesL. A number alone supplies neither calibration uncertainty nor a new measurement.",
              "link": {
                "label": "Work through the measurement",
                "href": "#cuntz-measurement"
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "source",
              "label": "Source",
              "title": "Locate the evidence and read its qualification",
              "text": "The observation points to its raw-result workbook realization and identifies a cell. Its result time is qualified as a workbook modification timestamp; the source-series flag separately says 2019.",
              "record": "source-cell: Holzgedackt 8!D9\nresultTime: 2020-09-16T10:33:05Z\nresult-time-from-workbook-modification-timestamp",
              "qualification": "Do not use the file timestamp as the date the pipe was measured.",
              "link": {
                "label": "Understand the timestamp qualification",
                "href": "#cuntz-time"
              }
            },
            {
              "id": "package",
              "label": "Package",
              "title": "Preserve the same evidence across applications",
              "text": "The VAO links the observation, pipe entity, activity and exact workbook realization. The released package keeps these relationships available when software retrieves its files. The teaching excerpt exposes this one observation.",
              "record": "Dataset release: 0.5.0-rc.2\nVAO formatVersion: 0.5.0\nVersion DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "qualification": "The dataset version and format version serve different roles. The excerpt alone is not a complete conforming VAO package.",
              "link": {
                "label": "Continue with the standards and the source extract",
                "href": "/notebooks/standards/cuntz/"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "type": "p",
          "text": "The running example is the Cuntz positive organ, mXp 4010243. Each example starts with a concrete question, explains the relevant concept in ordinary language, and works through the reasoning. The full steps are expandable elsewhere in the notebooks; here they are open so the argument can be read continuously."
        },
        {
          "type": "heading",
          "id": "object-and-description",
          "text": "1. Separate the object from descriptions of it"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-identity",
          "title": "Is the 3D model the Cuntz organ?",
          "concept": "An ontology is an explicit agreement about the kinds of things we describe and the relationships between them. Its first useful distinction here is between an instrument and a representation of it.",
          "scenario": "The physical Cuntz positive organ is identified as mXp 4010243. The release also contains a geometric model and audio files. They concern the instrument, but each has its own identity.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Name the physical subject",
              "text": "Use the instrument identity for claims about the organ itself. Its record can link to the museum and to documentary evidence."
            },
            {
              "title": "Name each representation",
              "text": "Give a model, a recording and a playable software product separate identities. A relationship such as “represents this instrument” connects them without declaring them the same thing."
            },
            {
              "title": "Follow a change",
              "text": "Compressing the model changes its digital realization. It does not rebuild the museum instrument. Repairing a physical component is a different event and needs its own evidence."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "An identity answers “which thing?”; a representation relationship answers “what is this about?”.",
          "boundary": "The displayed model is a derived visualization with an unverified physical scale. Being about the Cuntz organ does not make every visible detail a measured historical fact.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": true,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Released record"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-state",
          "title": "Which Cuntz are we describing?",
          "concept": "A state describes an instrument at a particular phase; a configuration describes how its components are arranged and function together. Context limits where a statement applies.",
          "scenario": "The thesis distinguishes the physical description of four registers and 180 pipes from an analyzed digital configuration with five register labels and 225 recordings. The published VAO also inventories 225 pipe entities.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Keep the descriptions attributed",
              "text": "Record the historical description, digital analysis configuration and published inventory with their respective sources. Their numbers concern different documented accounts."
            },
            {
              "title": "Ask the state and counting question",
              "text": "Determine which phase, configuration and counting convention each account describes before comparing totals. A virtual register label is not by itself an additional original physical register."
            },
            {
              "title": "Retain the unresolved mapping",
              "text": "The thesis identifies a missing mapping, particularly for Regal 8′. Keep that unresolved relation visible. A structured manifest records its inventory but does not independently settle the historical discrepancy."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "A well-formed record can preserve disagreement accurately while the historical interpretation remains open.",
          "boundary": "This example does not assert that the organ underwent a particular rebuild or that an extra original register existed.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "Dominik Ukolov · Musikinstrumente im virtuellen Raum (2026)",
              "detail": "Submitted dissertation, 11 September 2026; §§8.2.2.1 and 8.4.1, printed pp. 264–265 and 275–276. The historical description and digital inventory require a resolved mapping; the manuscript is not redistributed here."
            },
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Unresolved interpretation"
        },
        {
          "type": "heading",
          "id": "one-observation",
          "text": "2. Follow a real observation to its evidence"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-measurement",
          "title": "What exactly does “1281” tell us?",
          "concept": "An observation connects a property and a result to the thing observed. A unit gives the number a physical interpretation; a source selector identifies its evidential location.",
          "scenario": "The published Cuntz manifest contains an observation for rank:ged:pipe:key-036 with property code GesL, value 1281, unit MilliM, and source-cell flag Holzgedackt 8!D9.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Identify the subject and property",
              "text": "The number belongs to the specified pipe entity and the workbook’s GesL property. It is not a dimension of the complete organ or an arbitrary distance on the screen."
            },
            {
              "title": "Retain value and unit together",
              "text": "The stored value is 1281 millimetres. Converting it gives 1.281 metres; keep that conversion separate from the original source value and unit."
            },
            {
              "title": "Locate the source",
              "text": "The observation links to the exact workbook realization, the measurement activity and the cell selector. A later reader can check the entry and consult the workbook’s definition of GesL."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "A reusable measurement needs a subject, property, value, unit and evidence location.",
          "boundary": "The example reproduces a release observation; it does not independently remeasure the pipe or supply a calibration uncertainty that the record does not provide.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "VAO Standard 0.5.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22214248",
              "detail": "The standard contract is separate from the Cuntz dataset content version 0.5.0-rc.2."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Released record"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-time",
          "title": "Is the workbook timestamp the measurement date?",
          "concept": "Provenance describes how a record came into being. Applicability describes when a claim concerns its subject. A file timestamp is a third, potentially different fact.",
          "scenario": "The same Cuntz observation carries 2020-09-16T10:33:05Z and flags identifying the result time as a workbook modification timestamp, with a source series marked 2019.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Read the qualification",
              "text": "The measurement activity explicitly says its timestamp is the workbook modification time, not an asserted measurement-session time."
            },
            {
              "title": "Preserve the distinctions",
              "text": "Keep the source-series label, the workbook timestamp and any independently documented session date as separate information. Do not turn the most precise-looking timestamp into the date the pipe was measured."
            },
            {
              "title": "Ask the right query",
              "text": "A query for files modified in 2020 can use this timestamp. A query for instruments measured during 2020 needs evidence of session dates and cannot silently use the same field."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "Precision of formatting is not precision of historical knowledge.",
          "boundary": "No exact acquisition date is inferred from the timestamp in this example.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Released record"
        },
        {
          "type": "heading",
          "id": "relationships",
          "text": "3. Make the relationships explicit"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-graph",
          "title": "What does a knowledge graph add to a catalogue entry?",
          "concept": "A graph stores named things and explicit relationships. RDF expresses a statement as a subject, a relationship and an object; many such statements can share the same subject.",
          "scenario": "Consider the Cuntz pipe represented as rank:ged:pipe:key-036. A measurement, a source workbook and an activity can all refer to it without being squeezed into one text field.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Start with a plain sentence",
              "text": "“This observation concerns that pipe.” Here the observation is the subject, the feature-of-interest relationship connects it to the pipe, and the pipe is the object."
            },
            {
              "title": "Connect the evidence",
              "text": "The observation points to the measurement activity and raw-result workbook realization. The activity names Philipp Hosbach as its agent. These links answer different questions: what was observed, where it came from and who is credited."
            },
            {
              "title": "Ask a connected question",
              "text": "A reader can follow the pipe to an observation, then to the workbook cell, unit and processing history. That chain is more useful than merely finding the same word in several descriptions."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "A graph makes relationships addressable and traversable; it does not make the linked assertions automatically true.",
          "boundary": "These sentences explain graph structure. They are not a copy-and-paste RDF serialization or a claim that English relationship labels are normative ontology terms.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Illustrative scenario"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-identifiers",
          "title": "Why keep a long identifier when a name would be easier?",
          "concept": "An identifier distinguishes a thing independently of the label displayed to readers. An IRI is an identifier written in a form that can also be used in linked data.",
          "scenario": "The public instrument link is https://musixplora.de/mxp/4010243. The VAO manifest uses the package entity identifier urn:musixplora:4010243:cuntz-positiv:instrument. These serve related but different identifying roles.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Keep the readable label",
              "text": "Show “Cuntz positive organ” in the notebook. A translated or corrected label can change without changing the subject."
            },
            {
              "title": "Preserve the link between records",
              "text": "Retain the external instrument identifier and the package entity identifier with their declared relationship. Do not infer that every mention of “Cuntz” identifies this object."
            },
            {
              "title": "Inspect properties, not identifier spelling",
              "text": "The release retains a rights-record identifier ending in “restricted-review”, while its actual access property says “open” and specifies CC BY-SA 4.0. The opaque identifier suffix is not the access decision."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "Read the record’s explicit properties; do not derive meaning or permissions from a convenient label or identifier suffix.",
          "boundary": "A URL, URN and DOI are not interchangeable promises. The instrument link identifies the subject; the version DOI identifies a particular released dataset.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Released record"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-provenance",
          "title": "How did the model on this page come into being?",
          "concept": "Provenance is a trace of inputs, transformations, outputs and responsible agents. PROV-O provides a vocabulary for describing those roles.",
          "scenario": "The published Cuntz release identifies an FBX source model and a derived GLB runtime model. This notebook displays a further web derivative of that released GLB.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Fix the input",
              "text": "Before preparing the web model, compare its source bytes and SHA-256 with the exact published runtime realization. A similar filename is insufficient."
            },
            {
              "title": "Describe the transformation",
              "text": "For this website, the texture is resized to at most 2048 pixels and encoded as JPEG. Duplicate and unused resources are removed, and meshopt compression applies quantization. These changes are documented with the derivative."
            },
            {
              "title": "Give the output its own identity",
              "text": "The web file has its own byte size and digest. It remains linked to the source release and source realization, while being described as a display derivative rather than the unmodified archived GLB."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "A derivative can be useful and traceable without being byte-identical to its source.",
          "boundary": "Compression and a rendered appearance do not establish geometric measurement accuracy or recover the object’s original appearance.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "VAO Standard 0.5.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22214248",
              "detail": "The standard contract is separate from the Cuntz dataset content version 0.5.0-rc.2."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Released record"
        },
        {
          "type": "heading",
          "id": "review-and-rules",
          "text": "4. Keep interpretation and validation accountable"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-assertions",
          "title": "How can two accounts disagree without corrupting the database?",
          "concept": "An assertion is an attributable claim. A review decision records how that claim is interpreted; a projection is a selected view of the reviewed knowledge.",
          "scenario": "The Cuntz thesis description and the digital inventory present different register counts. Treating the latest imported count as an unconditional replacement would erase the question the discrepancy raises.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Store both claims with their scope",
              "text": "Retain the four-register physical description and the five-label digital configuration, including their sources and intended subjects."
            },
            {
              "title": "Review the relationship",
              "text": "Ask whether the accounts concern comparable states and counting units. The missing Regal 8′ mapping remains an explicit review issue rather than an invented explanation."
            },
            {
              "title": "Publish an understandable view",
              "text": "A catalogue summary can show a selected statement and its qualification, while an evidence view exposes the other assertion and the reason the relationship remains unresolved."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "A clean interface can present an editorial decision without deleting the evidence behind competing interpretations.",
          "boundary": "This is a teaching application of the assertion model, not a claim that a new authoritative review of the historical register mapping has been completed.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            },
            {
              "label": "Dominik Ukolov · Musikinstrumente im virtuellen Raum (2026)",
              "detail": "Submitted dissertation, 11 September 2026; §§8.2.2.1 and 8.4.1, printed pp. 264–265 and 275–276. The historical description and digital inventory require a resolved mapping; the manuscript is not redistributed here."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Unresolved interpretation"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-abstention",
          "title": "When is “we do not know yet” the useful result?",
          "concept": "Abstention means withholding an unsupported assignment while keeping the evidence available. It differs from asserting that a claim is false.",
          "scenario": "The Cuntz thesis identifies a missing mapping for the fifth digital register label. A system may preserve that label without deciding which historical physical register it represents.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Keep the observed record",
              "text": "The digital label and its associated recordings remain available, with their source and release identity."
            },
            {
              "title": "Withhold the unsupported link",
              "text": "Do not assign the label to a historical register merely to make every field complete. Record that the correspondence is unresolved, along with the reason."
            },
            {
              "title": "Define what could change the decision",
              "text": "A suitable mapping manifest or additional attributable evidence could support a later reviewed assignment. Preserve the earlier state so the change remains inspectable."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "An unresolved relation is useful information when its evidence and the next required check are explicit.",
          "boundary": "Abstention here does not mean that the recording is unusable or that the fifth label is historically false.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            },
            {
              "label": "Dominik Ukolov · Musikinstrumente im virtuellen Raum (2026)",
              "detail": "Submitted dissertation, 11 September 2026; §§8.2.2.1 and 8.4.1, printed pp. 264–265 and 275–276. The historical description and digital inventory require a resolved mapping; the manuscript is not redistributed here."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Unresolved interpretation"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-owl-shacl",
          "title": "What can OWL and SHACL check about this organ?",
          "concept": "OWL describes meanings and logical relationships between classes. SHACL checks whether a particular data graph satisfies specified constraints. Neither performs the historical investigation.",
          "scenario": "Suppose an import mistakenly uses one identifier for both the physical Cuntz organ and its playable virtual-instrument package. This is an illustrative error, not a reported defect in the published release.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Explain the semantic distinction",
              "text": "The ontology treats the physical instrument and playable virtual entities as distinct kinds. An object and a package representing it must not collapse into one identity."
            },
            {
              "title": "Check the supplied graph",
              "text": "A SHACL validation run checks the relevant shapes and expected data. It can report the mistaken identity assignment or a missing required relationship so the author can correct the record."
            },
            {
              "title": "Return to source criticism",
              "text": "Passing those checks does not determine whether the fifth register label corresponds to an original register. That question needs an evidence mapping, not another shape check."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "Validation checks the modeling contract; research establishes whether an interpretation is warranted.",
          "boundary": "The error is hypothetical. Validation outcomes depend on the declared ontology, shapes and validation setup; no new official MODAVIS constraint is introduced here.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            },
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Illustrative scenario"
        },
        {
          "type": "example",
          "id": "cuntz-vocabulary",
          "title": "Does the word “organ” settle the classification?",
          "concept": "A controlled vocabulary supplies identified concepts and labels. SKOS describes concepts and their relationships; OMARO additionally retains perspectives, source assertions and review status.",
          "scenario": "“Cuntz positive organ” is a label for a particular instrument. “Positive organ” is also a type concept that may occur in a vocabulary. A label match connects a research question, not automatically an identity.",
          "steps": [
            {
              "title": "Separate object from concept",
              "text": "The museum organ is a physical subject. The vocabulary concept describes a kind of instrument. Many objects can be described using one concept."
            },
            {
              "title": "Keep the classification attributable",
              "text": "If a source classifies the Cuntz instrument, record the source and relevant instrument state. Do not infer an exact Hornbostel–Sachs code merely from a familiar English label."
            },
            {
              "title": "Retain source words during normalization",
              "text": "A source stop label such as Holzgedackt 8′ remains evidence even when a normalized concept is added. The proposed mapping needs the documented pitch, division and context."
            }
          ],
          "takeaway": "A vocabulary improves comparison by identifying meanings while preserving the source’s wording.",
          "boundary": "No new OMARO assertion or Hornbostel–Sachs classification of the Cuntz instrument is claimed in this example.",
          "sources": [
            {
              "label": "MODAVIS Ontology Network 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22126086",
              "detail": "Identity, state, configuration, evidence, assertions, context and provenance. Teaching examples explain its distinctions without inventing new normative properties."
            },
            {
              "label": "Cuntz Positiv · VAO 0.5.0-rc.2",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22151203",
              "detail": "Published manifest: identities, measurement observations, realization digests, profiles and rights. Exact examples checked against this release."
            },
            {
              "label": "OMARO 0.1.0",
              "href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21442777"
            }
          ],
          "expanded": false,
          "caseLabel": "Cuntz",
          "evidence": "Illustrative scenario"
        },
        {
          "type": "links",
          "items": [
            {
              "label": "Next: package the same evidence in a VAO",
              "href": "/notebooks/standards/cuntz/",
              "detail": "Logical assets, realizations, carriers, profiles and checksums."
            },
            {
              "label": "Inspect the Cuntz model",
              "href": "/notebooks/vao/model-study/",
              "detail": "A source-attributed 3D view, with its limitations made explicit."
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "figures": {}
  }
}